人教版高中英語必修二《The Internet》Discovering Useful Structures PPT教學課件，共29頁。

Grammar

Find out the differences in meaning and function between the active and passive forms.

As we can see in the pairs of sentences，the object（主語） in an active sentence becomes the subject（賓語） in a passive sentence. Both sentence types convey a similar meaning，but they are slightly different. For example，in an active sentence，the subject is doing an action to an object，while in a passive sentence，the subject is having something done to it，and the doer of that action is not necessarily mentioned. Active sentences are used often，as they are more direct. Passive sentences are often used when the doer of an action is unknown，not important，or preferred not named.

單元語法

現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)

1  構(gòu)成

肯定式：have/has + been done

否定式：have/has not + been done

一般疑問式：Have/Has + 主語 + been done?

特殊疑問式：疑問詞 + have/has（+ 主語）+ been done?

A lot of factories have been set up since last year.

自從去年以來，已經(jīng)建立了許多工廠。

I can’t see any coffee in this cupboard. Has it all been finished?

我看不見這碗柜里有咖啡。都喝完了嗎？

2 用法

（1）表示一個被動的動作在說話之前已完成，強調(diào)過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，

通常與 already，yet，just，never，recently 等副詞連用。

I got caught in the rain and my suit has been ruined. 我被雨淋了，衣服全毀了。

His brother has been fired by the company recently. 他弟弟最近被公司解雇了。

（2）表示一個被動的動作或狀態(tài)從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，常與for 或 since 引出的時間

狀語連用，或用于 how long 引出的句子中。

A great many machines have already been produced by the factory since the technological revolution. 自從技術(shù)革命以來，這家工廠已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)了許多機器。

（3）用在時間或條件狀語從句中，表示將來已完成的被動動作，即用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)代替將來完成時的被動語態(tài)。

She will leave for the cinema as soon as the application form has been completed. 

申請表一填好，她就去看電影。 

Language points

1   function  n. & vi.

（1）n. ［C，U］n. 功能；作用；機能

搭配：perform a function 發(fā)揮功能；履行職責

the function of the heart 心臟的功能

In your new job you will perform a variety of functions.

在新的工作崗位上，你將要履行許多不同的職責。

（2）vi. 起作用；正常工作；運轉(zhuǎn)

function as 起……作用，具有……功能

function well/normally 運轉(zhuǎn)良好/ 正常

The sofa also functions as a bed. 這沙發(fā)還可當床用。

Flights in and out of Taipei are functioning normally again.進出臺北的航班又恢復(fù)正常了。

2   confirm vt. 確認；使確信；批準

confirm that/wh-... 證實……

It has been confirmed that... 已經(jīng)證實……

confirm sb. in sth. 使某人確信某事

confirm sb. as sth. 任命某人擔任某職位

What you have said confirms my prediction.你的話證實了我的預(yù)測。

It has been confirmed that people are more likely to get ill under pressure.

 已經(jīng)證實，人們在壓力下更容易生病。

The latest evidence confirmed us in his idea. 最新的證據(jù)證實了他的觀點。

He was confirmed as captain for the rest of the season.

他被正式任命在這個賽季剩下的時間內(nèi)擔任隊長。

【詞語辨析】confirm與 prove

（1）confirm 和prove 均可作及物動詞，后接賓語；

（2）prove 還可作連系動詞用，意為“證明是，被發(fā)現(xiàn)是”，后接形容詞或名詞作表語，

常用固定搭配是prove（to be）+ adj. / n.。

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